INTERNET browsers
A browser, also referred to as a web browser, is a software program created as a simplified means to present and explore content on the World Wide Web. These pieces of content, including pictures, videos, and web pages, are connected using hyperlinks and classified with Uniform Recourse Identifiers (URLs).There have been many different web browsers that have come and gone over the years; the first, named WorldWideWeb (later changed to Nexus) was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.
| Year | Web browsers | Internet users (in millions) |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | WorldWideWeb (Nexus) | 4 |
| 1992 | ViolaWWW, Erwise, MidasWWW, MacWWW (Samba) | 7 |
| 1993 | Mosaic, Cello, Lynx 2.0, Arena, AMosaic 1.0 | 10–14 |
| 1994 | IBM WebExplorer, Netscape Navigator, SlipKnot 1.0, MacWeb, IBrowse, Agora (Argo), Minuet | 20–25 |
| 1995 | Internet Explorer 1, Netscape Navigator 2.0, OmniWeb, UdiWWW, Internet Explorer 2, Grail | 16–44 |
| 1996 | Arachne 1.0, Internet Explorer 3.0, Netscape Navigator 3.0, Opera 2.0, PowerBrowser 1.5,Cyberdog, Amaya 0.9,AWeb, Voyager | 36–77 |
| 1997 | Internet Explorer 4.0, Netscape Navigator 4.0, Netscape Communicator 4.0, Opera 3.0,[9] Amaya 1.0[8] | 70–120 |
| 1998 | iCab, Mozilla | 147–188 |
| 1999 | Amaya 2.0, Mozilla M3, Internet Explorer 5.0 | 248–280 |
| 2000 | Konqueror, Netscape 6, Opera 4, Opera 5, K-Meleon 0.2, Amaya 3.0,Amaya 4.0 | 361–413 |
| 2001 | Internet Explorer 6, Galeon 1.0, Opera 6, Amaya 5.0 | 499–513 |
| 2002 | Netscape 7, Mozilla 1.0, Phoenix 0.1, Links 2.0, Amaya 6.0, Amaya 7.0 | 587–662 |
| 2003 | Opera 7, Safari 1.0, Epiphany 1.0, Amaya 8.0 | 719–778 |
| 2004 | Firefox 1.0, Netscape Browser, OmniWeb 5.0 | 817–910 |
| 2005 | Safari 2.0, Netscape Browser 8.0, Opera 8, Epiphany 1.8, Amaya 9.0, AOL Explorer 1.0, Maxthon 1.0, Shiira 1.0 | 1018–1029 |
| 2006 | SeaMonkey 1.0, K-Meleon 1.0, Galeon 2.0, Camino 1.0, Firefox 2.0, Avant 11, iCab 3, Opera 9, Internet Explorer 7 | 1093–1157 |
| 2007 | Maxthon 2.0, Netscape Navigator 9, NetSurf 1.0, Flock 1.0, Safari 3.0, Conkeror | 1319–1373 |
| 2008 | Konqueror 4, Safari 3.1, Opera 9.5, Firefox 3, Amaya 10.0, Flock 2, Chrome 1, Amaya 11.0 | 1562–1574 |
| 2009 | Internet Explorer 8, Chrome 2–3, Safari 4, Opera 10, SeaMonkey 2, Camino 2, Firefox 3.5, surf | 1743–1802 |
| 2010 | K-Meleon 1.5.4, Firefox 3.6, Chrome 4–8, Opera 10.50, Safari 5, xxxterm, Opera 11 | 1971–2034 |
| 2011 | Chrome 9–16, Firefox 4-9, Internet Explorer 9, Maxthon 3.0, SeaMonkey 2.1–2.3, Opera 11.50, Safari 5.1 | 2264–2272 |
| 2012 | Chrome 17–23, Firefox 10–17, Internet Explorer 10, Opera 12, Safari 6 | 2497–2511 |
| 2013 | Chrome 24–31, Firefox 18–26, Internet Explorer 11, Opera 15–18, Safari 7 | 2712 |
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").
This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://valiant-cmsian.blogspot.com, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).[17] Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.
In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.
Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.
Browser security
Browser security is the application of Internet security to web browsers in order to protect networked data and computer systems from breaches of privacy or malware. Security exploits of browsers often use JavaScript, ometimes with cross-site scripting (XSS), sometimes with a secondary payload using Adobe Flash. Security exploits can also take advantage of vulnerabilities (security holes) that are commonly exploited in all browsers (including Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Safari).
Web browsers can be breached in one or more of the following ways:
- Operating system is breached and malware is reading/modifying the browser memory space in privilege mode
- Operating system has a malware running as a background process, which is reading/modifying the browser memory space in privilege mode
- Main browser executable can be hacked
- Browser components may be hacked
- Browser plugins can be hacked
- Browser network communications could be intercepted outside the machine
The browser may not be aware of any of the breaches above and may show user a safe connection is made.
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